Exposure Tables

Just by comparing the following 2 tables it is easy to see that many countries but especially the UK safety levels are woefully inadequate in comparison to levels research has shown can have adverse biological affects.  With EM Pollution on the increase it is likely that many more people are going to experience the symptoms of EHS.  It would also appear that the population are going to be left to their own initiative to protect themselves despite the abundance of research regarding safety levels.  In many cases the "safety" levels are orders of magnitude different from levels shown to have an adverse effect.

  

International Radio Wave Exposure Standards

Country   

Exposure Level/µW/cm²

New South Wales, Australia  

0.001  

Salzburg, Austria  

0.1  

Russia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Switzerland  

2-10

China   

7-10

Italy   

10

Aukland, New Zealand   

50

Australia   

200

New Zealand, Germany, Japan, Canada, USA

200-1000

United Kingdom   

1000-10,000

  

Exposure levels shown to have Biological Repercussions

Power Density

µW/cm²  

Reported Biological Effect

Reference

 0.0000000000001

 Altered genetic structure in E. Coli   

 Belyaev 1996  

 0.0000000001   

 Threshold of human sensitivity   

 Kositsky 2001  

 0.0000000027

 Growth stimulation in Vicius fabus   

 Brauer 1950  

 0.000000001   

 Altered EEG in human subjects   

 Bise 1978

 0.00000002  

 Stimulation of ovulation in chickens

 Kondra 1970

 0.00000001

 Effects on immune system in mice

 Bundyuk 1994

 0.000005

 Effect on cell growth in yeast

 Grundler 1992

 0.000027

 Premature aging of pine needles

 Selga 1996

 0.00001

 Conditioned “avoidance” reflex in rats

 Kositsky 2001

 0.001  

  

 100 Yards from a Cellular Phone 

  

 0.002

 Sleep disorders, abnormal blood pressure,  nervousness, weakness, fatigue, limb pain,  joint pain, digestive problems, fewer  schoolchildren promoted—controlled study  near a shortwave transmitter

 Altpeter 1995,

   1997

 0.0027

 Growth inhibition in Vicius fabus

 Brauer 1950

 0.0027 to 0.065

 Smaller tree growth rings

 Balodis 1996

 0.007

 50 Feet from a Cordless Phone 

  

 0.01

 Human sensation

 Kolbun 1987

 0.016

 1 Mile from a Cellular Tower 

  

 0.05   

 10 Feet from a Wireless Computer

  

 0.06

 Altered EEG, disturbed carbohydrate  metabolism, enlarged adrenals, altered  adrenal hormone levels, structural changes  in liver, spleen, testes, and brain—in white  rats and rabbits

 Dumanskij 1974

 0.06

 Slowing of the heart, change in EEG in  rabbits 

 Serkyuk, reported

 in McRee 1980

0.1 to 1.8

    

 Decreased life span, impaired reproduction,  structural and developmental abnormalities  in duckweed plants

 Magone 1996

 0.13

 Decreased cell growth (human epithelial  amnion cells)

 Kwee 1997

 0.168

  Irreversible sterility in mice

 Magras 1997

 0.2 to 8.0

 Childhood leukemia near transmitters

 Hocking 1996

 0.3

  

 Impaired motor function, reaction time,  memory and attention of schoolchildren, and  altered sex ratio of children (fewer boys)

 Kolodynski 1996 

 0.6

  

 Change in calcium ion efflux from brain  tissue

 Dutta 1986

 0.6

  

  

 Cardiac arrhythmias and sometimes cardiac  arrest (frogs)

 Frey 1968

 0–4

  

 Altered white blood cell activity in school  children

 Chiang 1989

 1.0

  

 Headache, dizziness, irritability, fatigue,  weakness, insomnia, chest pain, difficulty  breathing, indigestion (humans —  occupational exposure)

 Simonenko 1998

 1.0

 Stimulation of white cells in guinea pigs

 Shandala 1978

 2.5

  

 Breakdown of blood-brain barrier (used a  digital cellular phone to provide the  radiation)

 Salford 1997

 5.0

  

 Leukemia, skin melanoma and bladder cancer near TV and FM transmitter

 Dolk 1997

 2.0 (lower threshold  not known)

  

  

 “Microwave hearing”—clicking, buzzing,  chirping, hissing, or high-pitched tones

 Frey 1963, 1969,  1971, 1973, 1988,  Justeson 1979,  Olsen 1980,  Wieske 1963,     

 Lin 1978

 5.0

  

 Biochemical and histological changes in  liver, heart, kidney, and brain tissue

 Belokrinitskiy l982

 10.0

 Damaged mitochondria, nucleus of cells in  hippocampus of brain

 Belokrinitskiy

1982a

 10.0

  

 Impaired memory and visual reaction time in  people living near transmitters

 Chiang 1989

 10.0

  

 Decreased size of litter, increased number  of stillborns in mice

 Il’Chevich  (reported in McRee  1980)

 10.0

  

 Redistribution of metals in the lungs, brain,  heart, liver, kidney, muscles, spleen, bones,  skin, blood

 Shutenko 1981

1000.0

 FCC Exposure Limit

  

  

References used above

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Balodis, V. et al., 1996. Does the Skrunda Radio Location Station diminish the radial growth of pine trees? The Science of the Total Environment 180:81-85.

  

Baranski, S. and Edelwejn, Z., 1975. Experimental morphologic and EEG studies of microwave effects on the nervous system. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 247:109-116.

  

Belokrinitskiy, V.S., 1982. Hygienic evaluation of biological effects of non-ionizing microwaves. Gigiyena i Sanitariya 6:32-34, JPRS 81865, pp. 1-5.

  

Belokrinitskiy, V. S., 1982a. Destructive and reparative processes in hippocampus with long-term exposure to nonionizing microwave radiation. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 93(3):89-92.

  

Belyaev, I. Y., et al., 1996. Resonance effect of millimeter waves in the power range from 10–19 to 3 x 10–3 W/cm2 on Escherichia coli cells at different concentrations. Bioelectromagnetics 17:312-321.

  

Bergqvist, U., and Vogel, E., eds. Possible Health Implications of Subjective Symptoms and Electromagnetic Fields. Solna, Sweden: National Institute for Working Life, 1997.

  

Bise, W., 1978. Low power radio-frequency and microwave effects on human electroencephalogram and behaviour. Physiological Chemistry and Physics 10(5):387-398.

  

Brauer, I., 1950. Experimenta1 studies on the effect of meter waves of various field intensities on the growth of plants by division. Chromosoma 3:483-509.

  

Bundyuk, L.S., et al., 1994. Corrective action of millimeter waves on systems of various levels of hierarchy. Physics of the Alive 2(1):12-25.

  

Chiang, H., 1981. Assessment of health hazard and standard promulgation in China. Biological Effects and Dosimetry of Nonionizing Radiation, NATO Conference, Erice, Italy, pp. 627-644. 

  

Chiang, H., et al., 1989. Health effects of environmental electromagnetic fields. Journal of Bioelectricity 8(1):127-131.

  

Dolk, H, et al., 1997. Cancer incidence near radio and television transmitters in Great Britain, I. Sutton Coldfield transmitter. American Journal of Epidemiology 145(1):1-9.

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Dutta, S. K., et al, 1986. Microwave radiation-induced calcium ion flux from human neuroblastoma cells: dependence on depth of amplitude modulation and exposure time. Biological Effects of Electropollution, S. Dutta and R. Millis, eds., pp. 63-69. Philadelphia, PA: Information Ventures.

  

Flakiewicz, W., and Cebulska-Wasilewska, A., 1992. Biological effects of EM field on randomly selected human population residing permanently close to the high power, long wave radio transmitter, and Trandescantia plant model system in situ. International Wroclaw Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, pp. 72-76.

  

Frey, A. H., 1963. Human response to very-low-frequency electromagnetic energy. Nav. Res. Rev. 1968:1-4.

  

Frey, A. H., and Seifert, E., l968. Pulse modulated UHF energy illumination of the heart associated with change in heart rate. Life Sciences 7(Part II):505-512.

  

Frey, A. H., 1968. Effects of microwave and radio frequency energy on the central nervous system. Symposium Proceedings. Biological Effects and Health Implications of Microwave Radiation, Richmond, VA, Sept. 1969, pp. 134-139.

  

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Frey, A. H., and Messenger, R., 1973. Human perception of illumination with pulsed ultrahigh-frequency electromagnetic energy. Science 181:356-358.

  

Frey, A. H., 1986. Evolution and results of biological research with low-intensity non-ionizing radiation. Modern Bioelectricity, A. A. Marino, ed., pp. 785-837. New York, NY: Dekker.

  

Gorbach, I. N., 1982. Changes in nervous system of individuals exposed to microradiowaves for long period of time. Zdravookhraneniye Belorussii 5:51-53, JPRS 81865, pp. 24-28.

  

Grant, L., 1995. Electrica1 Sensitivity Handbook. Prescott, AZ: Weldon Publishing.

  

Grundler, W., and Kaiser, F., l992. Experimental evidence for coherent excitations correlated with cell growth. Nanobiology 1:163-176.

  

Hocking, B., and Gordon, I., 1996. Cancer incidence and mortality and proximity to TV towers. Medical Journal of Australia 165(11-12):601-605.

  

Hocking, B., 1998. Symptoms associated with mobile phone use, Occupationa1 Medicine 48(6):357-360, and letter, vol. 48(7):472.

  

Justeson, D. R., 1979. Behavioral and psychological effects of microwave radiation. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 55(11):1058-1078.

  

Klimkova-Deutschova, E., 1974. Neurologic findings in persons exposed to microwaves. Biologic Effects and Health Hazards of Microwave Radiation, Proceedings of an International Symposium, Warsaw, 15-18 Oct. 1973, P. Czerski et al., eds., pp. 268-272.

  

Kolbun, N. D, and Sit’ko, S. P., 1987. Sensory indications by the human body of EHF-range electromagnetic radiation. Mechanisms of Biological Action of Electromagnetic Radiation: Proceedings of the Pushchino Symposium, 27-31 Oct. 1987.

  

Kolodynski, A. A., and Kolodynska, V. V., 1996, Motor and psychological functions of school children living in the area of the Skrunda Radio Location Station in Latvia. The Science of the Total Environment 180:87-93.

  

Kondra, P. A., et al., 1970. Growth and reproduction of chickens subjected to microwave radiation. Canadian Journal of Animal Science 50:639-644.

  

Kositsky, N. N., et al., 2001. Influence of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation at non-thermal intensities on the human body (a review of work by Russian and Ukrainian researchers). No Place To Hide 3(1) Supplement.

  

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Lilienfeld, A. M., 1978. Evaluation of Health Status of Foreign service and Other Employees from Selected Eastern European Posts, National Technical Information Service, PB288-163.

  

Lin, J. C., 1970. Microwave Auditory Effects and Applications. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. Magone, I., 1996. The effect of electromagnetic radiation from the Skrunda Radio Location Station on Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleiden cultures. The Science of the Total Environment 180:75-80.

  

Magras, I. N., and Xenos, T. D., 1997. RF radiation-induced changes in the prenatal development of mice. Bioelectromagnetics 18:455-461.

  

Marha, H., 1969. Maximum admissible values of HF and UHF electromagnetic radiation at work places in Czechoslovakia. Symposium Proceedings. Biological Effects and Health Implications of Microwave Radiation. Richmond, VA, Sept. 1969, S. Cleary, ed., pp. 188-191.

  

Markarov. G., et al., 1995. Hypersensitivity to EMF, and the dependence of brain bioelectrical activity and general hemodynamics in cerebral asthenic (CA) patients, exposed to radioactive irradiation upon EMF 20-80 Hz effect, Proceedings of the 2nd Copenhagen Conference on Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity, May 1995. J. Katajainen and B. Knave, eds., pp. 57-60.

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